diff --git a/backend/core/extpoints/router_raw_test.go b/backend/core/extpoints/router_raw_test.go
index 2d4f62b0..31b0f38f 100644
--- a/backend/core/extpoints/router_raw_test.go
+++ b/backend/core/extpoints/router_raw_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
 package extpoints
 
 import "testing"
 
+// TestHandleRawPreservesTrailingSlash 验证 HandleRaw 能表达 /x 与 /x/ 两条不同路由，
+// 而 Handle 会归一化掉尾部斜杠（server 插件的 list 端点历史行为依赖这一点）。
 func TestHandleRawPreservesTrailingSlash(t *testing.T) {
 	r := &RouterRegistry{}
 	g := r.Group("/api/v1/nodes")
@@ -19,9 +24,29 @@ func TestHandleRawPreservesTrailingSlash(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("HandleRaw(\"/\") path = %q, want %q", slashed.Path, "/api/v1/nodes/")
 	}
 	if slashed.ID == slashless.ID {
-		t.Error("HandleRaw must allocate its own route ID")
+		t.Error("HandleRaw must allocate its own route ID so scoped teardown can unregister both")
 	}
 	if got := len(r.Routes()); got != 2 {
 		t.Errorf("registry routes = %d, want 2", got)
 	}
+	if !r.UnregisterByID(slashed.ID) {
+		t.Error("UnregisterByID(HandleRaw route) = false, want true")
+	}
+	if got := len(r.Routes()); got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("routes after unregister = %d, want 1", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRegistryHandleRawKeepsAbsolutePath 根注册表上 HandleRaw 只做绝对化处理。
+func TestRegistryHandleRawKeepsAbsolutePath(t *testing.T) {
+	r := &RouterRegistry{}
+	if got := r.HandleRaw("GET", "/health/").Path; got != "/health/" {
+		t.Errorf("path = %q, want %q", got, "/health/")
+	}
+	if got := r.HandleRaw("POST", "submit").Path; got != "/submit" {
+		t.Errorf("path = %q, want %q", got, "/submit")
+	}
+	if got := r.BasePath(); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("registry BasePath() = %q, want empty", got)
+	}
 }
diff --git a/backend/pkg/cache/disk/cache.go b/backend/pkg/cache/disk/cache.go
index a4514957..83b32117 100644
--- a/backend/pkg/cache/disk/cache.go
+++ b/backend/pkg/cache/disk/cache.go
@@ -143,7 +143,10 @@ func (c *Cache) Set(key string, value []byte, ttl time.Duration) error {
 
 	// Update memory tracker
 	if elem, ok := c.items[key]; ok {
-		item := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+		item, ok := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cache: evict list entry for %q has invalid type %T", key, elem.Value)
+		}
 		c.currentSize += size - item.size
 		item.size = size
 		item.expiredAt = expiredAt
@@ -174,7 +177,11 @@ func (c *Cache) Get(key string) ([]byte, error) {
 		return nil, ErrCacheMiss
 	}
 
-	item := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+	item, ok := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+	if !ok {
+		c.mu.RUnlock()
+		return nil, ErrCacheMiss
+	}
 	if !item.expiredAt.IsZero() && time.Now().After(item.expiredAt) {
 		c.mu.RUnlock()
 		return c.getAndDeleteIfExpired(key)
@@ -224,7 +231,11 @@ func (c *Cache) getAndDeleteIfExpired(key string) ([]byte, error) {
 		return nil, ErrCacheMiss
 	}
 
-	item := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+	item, ok := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+	if !ok {
+		_ = c.deleteUnlocked(key)
+		return nil, ErrCacheMiss
+	}
 	if !item.expiredAt.IsZero() && time.Now().After(item.expiredAt) {
 		_ = c.deleteUnlocked(key)
 		return nil, ErrCacheMiss
@@ -254,8 +265,9 @@ func (c *Cache) Delete(key string) error {
 
 func (c *Cache) deleteUnlocked(key string) error {
 	if elem, ok := c.items[key]; ok {
-		item := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
-		c.currentSize -= item.size
+		if item, ok := elem.Value.(*cacheItem); ok {
+			c.currentSize -= item.size
+		}
 		c.evictList.Remove(elem)
 		delete(c.items, key)
 	}
@@ -308,7 +320,11 @@ func (c *Cache) evict() {
 
 	for c.currentSize > c.maxSize && c.evictList.Len() > 0 {
 		elem := c.evictList.Back()
-		item := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+		item, ok := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+		if !ok {
+			c.evictList.Remove(elem)
+			continue
+		}
 		c.currentSize -= item.size
 		c.evictList.Remove(elem)
 		delete(c.items, item.key)
@@ -400,7 +416,12 @@ func (c *Cache) cleanExpired() {
 
 	now := time.Now()
 	for key, elem := range c.items {
-		item := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+		item, ok := elem.Value.(*cacheItem)
+		if !ok {
+			c.evictList.Remove(elem)
+			delete(c.items, key)
+			continue
+		}
 		if !item.expiredAt.IsZero() && now.After(item.expiredAt) {
 			c.currentSize -= item.size
 			c.evictList.Remove(elem)
diff --git a/backend/pkg/cache/disk/cache_corruption_test.go b/backend/pkg/cache/disk/cache_corruption_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..379c005a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/cache/disk/cache_corruption_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package disk
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// 这些用例锁住「LRU 链表节点被污染时不得 panic」的行为：一旦 items 与 evictList
+// 的不变量被破坏（例如后续改动误写节点），缓存必须降级为未命中/跳过，
+// 而不是在读、写、删除与淘汰路径上崩掉整个进程。
+
+// corruptEntry 写入一个键后把其链表节点值换成非法类型，返回缓存。
+func corruptEntry(t *testing.T, key string) *Cache {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	c := New(t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, c.Set(key, []byte("payload"), time.Minute))
+
+	elem, ok := c.items[key]
+	require.True(t, ok, "entry must be tracked after Set")
+	elem.Value = "not-a-cacheItem"
+	return c
+}
+
+func TestGetToleratesCorruptEvictEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	c := corruptEntry(t, "k")
+
+	got, err := c.Get("k")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrCacheMiss)
+	require.Nil(t, got)
+}
+
+func TestSetOverCorruptEvictEntryReportsError(t *testing.T) {
+	c := corruptEntry(t, "k")
+
+	err := c.Set("k", []byte("second"), time.Minute)
+	require.Error(t, err, "Set must report the corrupted tracker entry instead of panicking")
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "invalid type")
+}
+
+func TestDeleteToleratesCorruptEvictEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	c := corruptEntry(t, "k")
+
+	require.NotPanics(t, func() { _ = c.Delete("k") })
+	require.NotContains(t, c.items, "k")
+}
+
+func TestEvictToleratesCorruptEvictEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	c := corruptEntry(t, "k")
+	// 让任意写入都触发淘汰扫描：扫到被污染的节点必须跳过而非 panic。
+	c.UpdatePolicy(0, 0, true)
+
+	require.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		for i := range 4 {
+			_ = c.Set(string(rune('a'+i)), []byte("x"), time.Minute)
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/format.go b/backend/pkg/util/format.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b18daba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/format.go
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+// Package util provides shared formatting and string helper functions.
+package util
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+const (
+	secondsPerYear   = 31104000 // 360 days
+	secondsPerMonth  = 2592000  // 30 days
+	secondsPerDay    = 86400
+	secondsPerHour   = 3600
+	secondsPerMinute = 60
+)
+
+const (
+	sizeKB = 1024
+	sizeMB = sizeKB * 1024
+	sizeGB = sizeMB * 1024
+)
+
+// Bytes2Size converts a byte count to a human-readable string with unit (B, KB, MB, GB).
+func Bytes2Size(num int64) string {
+	var numStr string
+	unit := "B"
+	switch {
+	case num/int64(sizeGB) >= 1:
+		numStr = fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", float64(num)/float64(sizeGB))
+		unit = "GB"
+	case num/int64(sizeMB) >= 1:
+		numStr = strconv.Itoa(int(float64(num) / float64(sizeMB)))
+		unit = "MB"
+	case num/int64(sizeKB) >= 1:
+		numStr = strconv.Itoa(int(float64(num) / float64(sizeKB)))
+		unit = "KB"
+	default:
+		numStr = strconv.FormatInt(num, 10)
+	}
+	return numStr + " " + unit
+}
+
+// Seconds2Time converts a number of seconds to a human-readable Chinese duration string.
+func Seconds2Time(num int) (time string) {
+	if num/secondsPerYear > 0 {
+		time += strconv.Itoa(num/secondsPerYear) + " 年 "
+		num %= secondsPerYear
+	}
+	if num/secondsPerMonth > 0 {
+		time += strconv.Itoa(num/secondsPerMonth) + " 个月 "
+		num %= secondsPerMonth
+	}
+	if num/secondsPerDay > 0 {
+		time += strconv.Itoa(num/secondsPerDay) + " 天 "
+		num %= secondsPerDay
+	}
+	if num/secondsPerHour > 0 {
+		time += strconv.Itoa(num/secondsPerHour) + " 小时 "
+		num %= secondsPerHour
+	}
+	if num/secondsPerMinute > 0 {
+		time += strconv.Itoa(num/secondsPerMinute) + " 分钟 "
+		num %= secondsPerMinute
+	}
+	time += strconv.Itoa(num) + " 秒"
+	return
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/format_test.go b/backend/pkg/util/format_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2fd973f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/format_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestBytes2Size(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input    int64
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{0, "0 B"},
+		{500, "500 B"},
+		{1023, "1023 B"},
+		{1024, "1 KB"},
+		{2048, "2 KB"},
+		{1024 * 1024, "1 MB"},
+		{1024 * 1024 * 1024, "1.00 GB"},
+		{1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 2, "2.00 GB"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		result := Bytes2Size(tt.input)
+		if result != tt.expected {
+			t.Errorf("Bytes2Size(%d) = %q, expected %q", tt.input, result, tt.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSeconds2Time(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input    int
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{0, "0 秒"},
+		{30, "30 秒"},
+		{60, "1 分钟 0 秒"},
+		{125, "2 分钟 5 秒"},
+		{3600, "1 小时 0 秒"},
+		{86400, "1 天 0 秒"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		result := Seconds2Time(tt.input)
+		if result != tt.expected {
+			t.Errorf("Seconds2Time(%d) = %q, expected %q", tt.input, result, tt.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/network.go b/backend/pkg/util/network.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7b864d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/network.go
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"net"
+)
+
+// GetIP returns the first private IPv4 address found on the local network interfaces.
+func GetIP() (ip string) {
+	ips, err := net.InterfaceAddrs()
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Error("get interface addresses failed", "error", err)
+		return ip
+	}
+
+	for _, a := range ips {
+		if candidate, ok := privateIPv4FromAddr(a); ok {
+			return candidate
+		}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func privateIPv4FromAddr(addr net.Addr) (string, bool) {
+	ipNet, ok := addr.(*net.IPNet)
+	if !ok || ipNet.IP.IsLoopback() || ipNet.IP.To4() == nil {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	ip := ipNet.IP.String()
+	if isPrivateIPv4(ip) {
+		return ip, true
+	}
+	return "", false
+}
+
+func isPrivateIPv4(ip string) bool {
+	parsedIP := net.ParseIP(ip)
+	if parsedIP == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return parsedIP.IsPrivate()
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/network_test.go b/backend/pkg/util/network_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62a9bd21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/network_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestIsPrivateIPv4(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		ip       string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		{"127.0.0.1", false}, // Loopback is not in RFC 1918 private range
+		{"10.0.0.1", true},
+		{"172.16.0.1", true},
+		{"192.168.1.1", true},
+		{"8.8.8.8", false},
+		{"invalid-ip", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		result := isPrivateIPv4(tt.ip)
+		if result != tt.expected {
+			t.Errorf("isPrivateIPv4(%q) = %v, expected %v", tt.ip, result, tt.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetIP(t *testing.T) {
+	ip := GetIP()
+	// GetIP should return empty if no private IPv4 address is configured, or a valid IP.
+	// We just ensure it doesn't panic.
+	t.Logf("GetIP returned: %q", ip)
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/slice.go b/backend/pkg/util/slice.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74eb7139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/slice.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Unique returns a new slice containing only the unique elements of the input slice,
+// preserving their original order.
+func Unique[T comparable](slice []T) []T {
+	if slice == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	seen := make(map[T]struct{})
+	result := make([]T, 0)
+	for _, item := range slice {
+		if _, ok := seen[item]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[item] = struct{}{}
+		result = append(result, item)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// UniqueAndCleanStringSlice trims spaces, removes empty elements, and returns only the unique elements
+// of the input string slice. It preserves order and returns nil if the resulting slice is empty.
+func UniqueAndCleanStringSlice(slice []string) []string {
+	if slice == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
+	result := make([]string, 0)
+	for _, item := range slice {
+		trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(item)
+		if trimmed == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, ok := seen[trimmed]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[trimmed] = struct{}{}
+		result = append(result, trimmed)
+	}
+	if len(result) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// IdentifiableTimeRecord represents a database record that has a unique ID and a primary timestamp field.
+type IdentifiableTimeRecord interface {
+	GetID() uint
+	GetTime() time.Time
+}
+
+// SortAndLimitRecords sorts a slice of IdentifiableTimeRecord descendingly by their timestamp (and ID as a tie-breaker),
+// and limits the slice to the specified size if limit > 0.
+func SortAndLimitRecords[T IdentifiableTimeRecord](rows []T, limit int) []T {
+	if len(rows) == 0 {
+		return rows
+	}
+	sort.Slice(rows, func(i, j int) bool {
+		ti := rows[i].GetTime()
+		tj := rows[j].GetTime()
+		if ti.Equal(tj) {
+			return rows[i].GetID() > rows[j].GetID()
+		}
+		return ti.After(tj)
+	})
+	if limit > 0 && len(rows) > limit {
+		rows = rows[:limit]
+	}
+	return rows
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/string.go b/backend/pkg/util/string.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ea84e8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/string.go
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import "strings"
+
+// TrimStringFields trims leading and trailing spaces from all provided string pointers.
+func TrimStringFields(fields ...*string) {
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		if f != nil {
+			*f = strings.TrimSpace(*f)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/value.go b/backend/pkg/util/value.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6473bd53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/value.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// Interface2String converts a string, int, or float64 value to its string representation.
+func Interface2String(inter any) string {
+	switch v := inter.(type) {
+	case string:
+		return v
+	case int:
+		return strconv.Itoa(v)
+	case float64:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%f", v)
+	}
+	return "Not Implemented"
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/version.go b/backend/pkg/util/version.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96118b06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+const gitDescribeMinIdentifiers = 2
+
+// VersionInfo holds the parsed components of a semantic version string.
+type VersionInfo struct {
+	Valid               bool
+	IsDev               bool
+	Numbers             []int
+	Prerelease          []string
+	GitDescribeDistance int
+	GitDescribeTail     []string
+}
+
+// ParseVersionInfo parses a version string into a structured VersionInfo.
+func ParseVersionInfo(version string) VersionInfo {
+	normalized := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimPrefix(version, "v"))
+	if normalized == "" || normalized == "dev" {
+		return VersionInfo{IsDev: strings.EqualFold(normalized, "dev")}
+	}
+	base := normalized
+	prerelease := ""
+	if separator := strings.IndexRune(normalized, '-'); separator >= 0 {
+		base = normalized[:separator]
+		prerelease = normalized[separator+1:]
+	}
+
+	segments := strings.Split(base, ".")
+	parts := make([]int, 0, len(segments))
+	for _, segment := range segments {
+		segment = strings.TrimSpace(segment)
+		if segment == "" {
+			parts = append(parts, 0)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		numeric := strings.Builder{}
+		for _, r := range segment {
+			if r < '0' || r > '9' {
+				break
+			}
+			numeric.WriteRune(r)
+		}
+		if numeric.Len() == 0 {
+			parts = append(parts, 0)
+			continue
+		}
+		value, err := strconv.Atoi(numeric.String())
+		if err != nil {
+			return VersionInfo{}
+		}
+		parts = append(parts, value)
+	}
+	info := VersionInfo{Valid: len(parts) > 0, Numbers: parts}
+	if prerelease != "" {
+		identifiers := splitPrereleaseIdentifiers(prerelease)
+		if distance, tail, ok := parseGitDescribeIdentifiers(identifiers); ok {
+			info.GitDescribeDistance = distance
+			info.GitDescribeTail = tail
+		} else {
+			info.Prerelease = identifiers
+		}
+	}
+	return info
+}
+
+func parseGitDescribeIdentifiers(identifiers []string) (int, []string, bool) {
+	if len(identifiers) < gitDescribeMinIdentifiers {
+		return 0, nil, false
+	}
+	distance, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(identifiers[0]))
+	if err != nil || distance <= 0 {
+		return 0, nil, false
+	}
+	commitToken := strings.TrimSpace(identifiers[1])
+	if commitToken == "" || !strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToLower(commitToken), "g") {
+		return 0, nil, false
+	}
+	return distance, identifiers[1:], true
+}
+
+func splitPrereleaseIdentifiers(value string) []string {
+	parts := strings.FieldsFunc(strings.TrimSpace(value), func(r rune) bool {
+		return r == '.' || r == '-'
+	})
+	filtered := make([]string, 0, len(parts))
+	for _, part := range parts {
+		part = strings.TrimSpace(part)
+		if part != "" {
+			filtered = append(filtered, part)
+		}
+	}
+	return filtered
+}
+
+// CompareVersions compares two version strings.
+// Returns -1 if left < right, 1 if left > right, and 0 if they are equal.
+func CompareVersions(local, remote string) int {
+	left := ParseVersionInfo(local)
+	right := ParseVersionInfo(remote)
+	if left.IsDev {
+		if right.Valid {
+			return -1
+		}
+		return 0
+	}
+	if !left.Valid || !right.Valid {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	if result := compareVersionNumbers(left, right); result != 0 {
+		return result
+	}
+	if result := compareGitDescribeDistance(left, right); result != 0 {
+		return result
+	}
+	if left.GitDescribeDistance > 0 || right.GitDescribeDistance > 0 {
+		return compareGitDescribeTails(left, right)
+	}
+	return comparePrereleaseIdentifiers(left, right)
+}
diff --git a/backend/pkg/util/version_compare.go b/backend/pkg/util/version_compare.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7e3d014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/pkg/util/version_compare.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Arctel.net
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+package util
+
+import "strconv"
+
+func compareVersionNumbers(left, right VersionInfo) int {
+	maxLen := max(len(right.Numbers), len(left.Numbers))
+	for index := range maxLen {
+		leftValue := 0
+		rightValue := 0
+		if index < len(left.Numbers) {
+			leftValue = left.Numbers[index]
+		}
+		if index < len(right.Numbers) {
+			rightValue = right.Numbers[index]
+		}
+		if leftValue < rightValue {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if leftValue > rightValue {
+			return 1
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func compareGitDescribeDistance(left, right VersionInfo) int {
+	if left.GitDescribeDistance == right.GitDescribeDistance {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if left.GitDescribeDistance < right.GitDescribeDistance {
+		return -1
+	}
+	return 1
+}
+
+func compareGitDescribeTails(left, right VersionInfo) int {
+	maxLen := max(len(right.GitDescribeTail), len(left.GitDescribeTail))
+	for index := range maxLen {
+		if index >= len(left.GitDescribeTail) {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if index >= len(right.GitDescribeTail) {
+			return 1
+		}
+		if left.GitDescribeTail[index] < right.GitDescribeTail[index] {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if left.GitDescribeTail[index] > right.GitDescribeTail[index] {
+			return 1
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func comparePrereleaseIdentifiers(left, right VersionInfo) int {
+	if len(left.Prerelease) == 0 && len(right.Prerelease) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if len(left.Prerelease) == 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	if len(right.Prerelease) == 0 {
+		return -1
+	}
+
+	maxLen := max(len(right.Prerelease), len(left.Prerelease))
+	for index := range maxLen {
+		if index >= len(left.Prerelease) {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if index >= len(right.Prerelease) {
+			return 1
+		}
+		if result := comparePrereleasePart(left.Prerelease[index], right.Prerelease[index]); result != 0 {
+			return result
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func comparePrereleasePart(leftPart, rightPart string) int {
+	leftNumber, leftErr := strconv.Atoi(leftPart)
+	rightNumber, rightErr := strconv.Atoi(rightPart)
+	switch {
+	case leftErr == nil && rightErr == nil:
+		if leftNumber < rightNumber {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if leftNumber > rightNumber {
+			return 1
+		}
+	case leftErr == nil:
+		return -1
+	case rightErr == nil:
+		return 1
+	default:
+		if leftPart < rightPart {
+			return -1
+		}
+		if leftPart > rightPart {
+			return 1
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}