refactor(edge): 抽取边缘运行时共享包并完成 Phase 3 重构

- 新增 internal/apps/edge/，三组件改为薄包装，删除 3000+ 行重复代码
- Agent 心跳周期下沉至 heartbeat/cycle.go
- 协议类型迁入 pkg/protocol/agent.go
- 补充设计文档与 changelog

internal/apps/edge/updater/restart_unix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package updater
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestRemoveBackupBinaryIgnoresMissingFile(t *testing.T) {
+	backupPath := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "openflare-agent.bak")
+	if err := removeBackupBinary(backupPath); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected missing backup cleanup to be ignored: %v", err)
+	}
+}